RRB NTPC Graduate CBT 1 2025 PYQs

Concept: Savitribai Phule (1831–1897), with Jyotirao Phule, opened the first school for girls in Pune (1848) and is remembered as the Mother of Indian Feminism.

1. She was India's first woman teacher and fought for women's education, widow remarriage and against caste discrimination.
2. Pandita Ramabai and Rukhmabai were also pioneers, but the title "Mother of Indian Feminism" is popularly given to Savitribai Phule.

Yaad rakhein: Savitribai Phule – Bhide Wada girls' school, Pune, 1848; her birthday (3 Jan) is observed as Balika Din in Maharashtra.

Answer: (D) Savitribai Phule

Concept: Rani Karnaa (1939–2018) was a renowned Kathak dancer of the Lucknow and Jaipur gharanas, honoured with the Padma Shri in 2014.

1. She trained under Pt. Birju Maharaj among others and ran the Samskritiki Shreyaskar institute in Kolkata.
2. Kathak is the classical dance of North India (Uttar Pradesh); the other options are southern/eastern styles.

Yaad rakhein: Kathak exponents – Birju Maharaj, Sitara Devi, Shovana Narayan, Rani Karnaa.

Answer: (B) Kathak

Concept: The Mahad Satyagraha (20 March 1927) was led by Dr B. R. Ambedkar to assert the right of Dalits to draw water from the Chavdar tank at Mahad, Maharashtra.

1. Later in Dec 1927 at Mahad he publicly burnt the Manusmriti.
2. K. Kelappan led the Vaikom/Guruvayur temple movements in Kerala; Periyar (E. V. Ramaswami) was linked with Vaikom Satyagraha.

Yaad rakhein: Mahad 1927 (water) and Kalaram Temple, Nashik 1930 – both Ambedkar.

Answer: (C) B R Ambedkar

Concept: Ashoka appointed a special class of officers, the Dhamma Mahamattas, in the 14th year of his reign (c. 256 BCE) to propagate Dhamma.

1. Pillar Edict VII and Rock Edict V mention them; they worked among all sects and looked after the welfare of people and prisoners.
2. Other options are not names of Mauryan officials.

Yaad rakhein: Mahamatta = high officer; Dhamma Mahamatta = officer of Dhamma (Rock Edict V).

Answer: (A) Dhamma Mahamatta

Concept: Chlorophyll (mainly chlorophyll-a) is the primary pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

1. It absorbs red and blue light and reflects green, giving leaves their colour.
2. Carotenoids and xanthophylls are accessory pigments; anthocyanin gives red/purple colour and is not photosynthetic.

Yaad rakhein: Chlorophyll-a = reaction-centre pigment; chlorophyll-b, carotenoids = helpers.

Answer: (A) Chlorophyll

Concept: The 69th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1991 inserted Articles 239AA and 239AB, giving Delhi a Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers and the name National Capital Territory of Delhi (effective 1 Feb 1992).

1. Its administrator is designated the Lieutenant Governor.
2. "National Capital Region" is a wider planning area (NCR Planning Board Act, 1985) covering parts of Haryana, UP and Rajasthan – not the constitutional title.

Yaad rakhein: 69th Amendment → Art. 239AA → NCT of Delhi; Art. 239AB → failure of constitutional machinery in Delhi.

Answer: (D) National Capital Territory of Delhi

Concept: Article 47 (DPSP) directs the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living, improve public health and prohibit intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health.

1. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry – Art. 48; environment and forests – Art. 48A; workers' participation in management – Art. 43A.

Yaad rakhein: 47 – nutrition/health/prohibition; 48 – agriculture, cow slaughter ban; 48A – environment; 43A – workers in management.

Answer: (D) Raising the level of nutrition and public health

Concept: TRAI, through its direction of 16 December 2025, mandated that IRDAI-regulated entities (insurers, intermediaries) use the 1600 number series for service and transactional voice calls, with compliance by 15 February 2026.

1. The 1600 series is reserved for transactional/service calls by regulated entities (banks, insurers etc.) so that customers can trust such calls; the 140 series is for promotional/telemarketing calls.
2. This is part of TRAI's measures against spam and fraud calls under the TCCCPR framework.

Yaad rakhein: 140 = promotional; 1600 = genuine service/transactional calls from regulated entities.

Answer: (D) 1600 series

Concept: Article 239B empowers the administrator of a Union Territory (having a legislature, e.g. Puducherry) to promulgate ordinances during recess of the legislature, with the prior instructions of the President.

1. Art. 239 – administration of UTs by the President through an administrator; Art. 239AA – special provisions for Delhi; Art. 241 – High Courts for UTs.
2. 239B is the UT counterpart of Art. 213 (Governor's ordinance power).

Yaad rakhein: Ordinance powers – President 123, Governor 213, UT Administrator 239B.

Answer: (D) 239B

Concept: Simple permanent tissues are made of one type of cell – parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Complex tissues have several cell types – xylem and phloem.

1. Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres, so it is a complex tissue.

Yaad rakhein: Simple = P, C, S (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma); Complex = xylem, phloem.

Answer: (A) Xylem

Concept: An .exe (executable) file contains machine code that Windows runs directly as a program.

1. .txt opens in a text editor, .jpg in an image viewer and .mp3 in a media player – these are data files, not programs.

Yaad rakhein: Executables in Windows: .exe, .bat, .msi, .com; data files need another program to open them.

Answer: (B) .exe

Concept: Actual (total) population growth = natural increase (births − deaths) + net migration (in-migration − out-migration).

1. Birth rate, death rate and in-migration are therefore components.
2. Urbanisation rate only shows the shift of people from rural to urban areas within a population – it does not change the total.

Yaad rakhein: Growth = (B − D) + (I − O); anything else is not a component.

Answer: (C) Urbanisation rate

Concept: The 95th Amendment Act, 2009 amended Article 334 to extend the reservation of seats for SCs/STs and nomination of Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies from 60 to 70 years, i.e. up to 25 January 2020 – an extension of ten years.

1. Each such extension (8th, 23rd, 45th, 62nd, 79th, 95th Amendments) has been for ten years.
2. The 104th Amendment (2019) extended SC/ST reservation further to 2030 but discontinued Anglo-Indian nomination.

Yaad rakhein: Art. 334 extensions are always in blocks of 10 years; 95th → 2020, 104th → 2030.

Answer: (D) Ten Years

Concept: Rock-cut (excavated) caves for religious use – Buddhist chaityas and viharas, Jain and Hindu shrines – are a distinctive feature of Indian architecture from the Mauryan period onwards.

1. Examples: Barabar caves (Mauryan), Ajanta, Ellora, Karle, Bhaja, Elephanta, Udayagiri–Khandagiri.
2. Marble, European influence and skyscrapers belong to later or non-cave traditions.

Yaad rakhein: Chaitya = prayer hall, Vihara = monastery; Kailasa temple at Ellora is a single rock excavated top-down.

Answer: (A) Excavation of caves for religious purposes

Concept: In Koppen's scheme, Aw (tropical savanna / wet-dry) has a short rainy season in summer and a long, severe dry winter – e.g. most of peninsular India.

1. Af = tropical rainforest, wet all year; Am = tropical monsoon, heavy rain with a short dry season (west coast); BSh = hot semi-arid steppe.

Yaad rakhein: Af – always wet; Am – monsoon, short dry; Aw – winter dry (long).

Answer: (B) Aw climate subtype

Concept: During the Moderate phase (1885–1905) the Congress kept its programme secular – its demands (council reform, ICS exams in India, reduced military expenditure, civil liberties) were framed for all Indians, not on religious lines.

1. From 1888 Congress adopted a rule not to take up any subject opposed by an overwhelming majority of Hindu or Muslim delegates, to avoid communal divisions.
2. Leaders like Badruddin Tyabji (President, 1887) and W. C. Bonnerjee represented this inclusive approach.

Yaad rakhein: Moderates = constitutional methods, secular demands, "prayer, petition, protest".

Answer: (B) Maintained a secular approach in its programmes and demands

Concept: The Preamble declares India a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic; "Socialist" and "Secular" were added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976.

1. "Federal" and "Union" do not appear in the Preamble; Article 1 calls India a "Union of States".

Yaad rakhein: So-So-Se-De-Re: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic.

Answer: (B) Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic

Concept: One-Stop Centres (Sakhi Centres) under Mission Shakti provide integrated support to women affected by violence. In 2025 Uttar Pradesh reported the highest number of women assisted – about 2.39 lakh.

1. UP has the largest network of OSCs (one in every district, over 75), which explains the high figure.
2. The scheme is run by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, launched in 2015.

Yaad rakhein: OSC = Sakhi Centre, Mission Shakti (Sambal sub-scheme); helpline 181.

Answer: (B) Uttar Pradesh

Concept: Starch granules absorb water and swell on heating (gelatinisation), forming a viscous gel – this is why cornflour, arrowroot or flour thicken sauces and soups.

1. Sugar and salt dissolve, oil does not mix with water – none of them forms a gel.

Yaad rakhein: Starch = polysaccharide of glucose; gelatinisation starts around 60–70 °C.

Answer: (C) Starch

Concept: The Hill Area Development Programme (HADP, started in the Fifth Five-Year Plan) aims at eco-friendly development of fragile hill regions.

1. To raise land productivity it relies on vegetative methods (afforestation, horticulture, pasture development) and a change in cropping pattern suited to slopes.
2. Heavy chemical inputs and mechanisation are avoided because they damage thin, erosion-prone hill soils.

Yaad rakhein: Hill programmes = soil conservation + horticulture + forestry, never heavy machines.

Answer: (A) Vegetative methods and changing cropping pattern