RRB NTPC Graduate CBT 2 2024 PYQs

Concept: In August 2025, Army Chief Gen. Upendra Dwivedi inaugurated 'Agnishodh' at IIT Madras.

1. Agnishodh is the Indian Army Research Cell (IARC) at IIT Madras Research Park.
2. It links academic research and startups with Army needs (AI, drones, advanced manufacturing, etc.).
3. It supports the Army's 'Decade of Transformation' and Atmanirbharta in defence technology.

Yaad rakhein: Agni + Shodh (research) → Army research cell at IIT Madras.

Answer: (C) Agnishodh, the Indian Army Research Cell (IARC)

Concept: A direct tax is paid by the person on whom it is levied; an indirect tax is collected from buyers via sellers (burden shifts).

1. Income tax, corporate tax and capital-gains tax are direct taxes.
2. VAT is charged on sale of goods and passed on to consumers – an indirect tax (now largely replaced by GST).
3. GST, customs and excise are also indirect taxes.

Yaad rakhein: Tax on income/profit/wealth → direct; tax on goods/services/transactions → indirect.

Answer: (D) Value Added Tax (VAT)

Concept: Gharana is a lineage/school of style passed from guru to shishya, typical of Hindustani classical music.

1. Examples: Gwalior, Agra, Kirana, Jaipur–Atrauli, Patiala gharanas (vocal).
2. Carnatic (Karnataka) music follows a 'sampradaya'/composer-based tradition, not gharanas.
3. Folk music forms are not organised into gharanas.

Yaad rakhein: Gharana → North Indian (Hindustani) classical; also seen in Kathak dance.

Answer: (B) Hindustani Classical Music

Concept: The strip of sea margin that is covered at high tide and exposed at low tide is the tidal (intertidal) zone.

1. It lies between the low-tide line and the high-tide line.
2. Organisms here (barnacles, crabs, mussels) tolerate alternate submergence and exposure.
3. Near-shore lies seaward of low tide; the shoreline is just the land–water boundary line.

Yaad rakhein: Inter-tidal = between tides.

Answer: (D) Tidal zone

Concept: Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019 by GSLV Mk III-M1 from Sriharikota.

1. In July 2019 Narendra Modi was the Prime Minister (in office since 2014).
2. Chandrayaan-1 (2008) was launched when Dr Manmohan Singh was PM.
3. Chandrayaan-3 (2023) also flew under PM Modi.

Yaad rakhein: C-1 2008 → Manmohan Singh; C-2 2019 and C-3 2023 → Narendra Modi.

Answer: (D) Narendra Modi

Concept: In Excel, column width is measured in characters of the default (Normal style) font.

1. Maximum column width = 255 characters.
2. Default width ≈ 8.43 characters; maximum row height = 409 points.
3. 32,767 is the maximum number of characters a cell can hold – a different limit.

Yaad rakhein: Column width 255 (characters), row height 409 (points), cell text 32,767 (characters).

Answer: (B) 255 – number of characters in the default font that fit in a cell

Concept: Producers fix only a small part of incoming sunlight as chemical energy (photosynthesis).

1. Green plants capture about 1% of the solar energy falling on their leaves (NCERT).
2. About 10% of energy passes from one trophic level to the next (Lindeman's 10% law) – the tempting wrong option.
3. The rest is reflected, transmitted or lost as heat.

Yaad rakhein: 1% → sun to plants; 10% → level to level.

Answer: (B) $1\%$

Concept: Urbanisation is measured as the share of total population living in urban areas.

1. Urbanisation $=\frac{\text{urban population}}{\text{total population}}\times 100$
2. Population density = persons per sq km; growth rate = % change in population over time.
3. Crude birth rate = live births per 1,000 people per year.

Yaad rakhein: % in cities → urbanisation; per km² → density.

Answer: (C) Urbanisation

Concept: The OS keeps a data structure for every process to manage and switch between processes.

1. PCB = Process Control Block.
2. It stores process ID, state, program counter, CPU registers, scheduling and memory information.
3. It is used during context switching; 'Printed Circuit Board' is the hardware meaning of PCB, not the OS one.

Yaad rakhein: OS context → Process Control Block; electronics context → Printed Circuit Board.

Answer: (A) Process Control Block

Concept: Carlos Alcaraz won the 2025 Cincinnati Open (ATP Masters 1000) on 18 August 2025.

1. World No. 1 Jannik Sinner, the defending champion, retired ill in the final when trailing 5-0.
2. It was Alcaraz's first Cincinnati title.
3. Alcaraz then beat Sinner again in the 2025 US Open final.

Yaad rakhein: Alcaraz–Sinner rivalry: Cincinnati 2025 final ended with Sinner retiring.

Answer: (C) Jannik Sinner

Concept: NCCF is a central cooperative under the Department of Consumer Affairs that sells essential items at subsidised rates.

1. NCCF = National Cooperative Consumers' Federation of India Ltd (est. 1965).
2. It sells Bharat Dal, Bharat Atta, onions and tomatoes for price stabilisation.
3. In September 2025 it sold onions from mobile vans in Mumbai at subsidised rates to check retail prices.

Yaad rakhein: NCCF – Cooperative + Consumers + Federation; sibling agency NAFED handles farmers' produce.

Answer: (B) National Cooperative Consumers' Federation of India

Concept: In July 2025 the Indian Army announced 'Rudra' all-arms brigades as part of its restructuring.

1. A Rudra brigade combines infantry, mechanised infantry, armour, artillery, special forces and drones under one command.
2. It was announced by Army Chief Gen. Upendra Dwivedi on Kargil Vijay Diwas, 26 July 2025.
3. Also announced: 'Bhairav' light commando battalions and 'Shaktibaan' drone/artillery units.

Yaad rakhein: Rudra → integrated all-arms brigade; Bhairav → light commandos.

Answer: (B) Rudra All-Arms Brigades

Concept: Meristems are classified by position: apical (tips), lateral (girth) and intercalary (base of internodes/leaves).

1. Intercalary meristem lies at the base of leaves or internodes (near nodes).
2. It lets grasses regrow after grazing or mowing.
3. Apical increases length at tips; lateral (cambium) increases girth; 'permanent' tissue is not meristematic at all.

Yaad rakhein: Grass regrowth after cutting → intercalary.

Answer: (B) Intercalary

Concept: Ctrl combined with Backspace/Delete removes a whole word instead of one character.

1. Ctrl + Backspace deletes the word to the left of the cursor.
2. Ctrl + Delete deletes the word to the right of the cursor.
3. Alt + Backspace is Undo in many Windows apps; Shift + Backspace acts like plain Backspace.

Yaad rakhein: Backspace = left, Delete = right; add Ctrl for a whole word.

Answer: (A) Ctrl + Backspace

Concept: Chlorination of methane is a free-radical substitution reaction that needs light (UV/sunlight) to start.

1. Initiation: sunlight splits ${\text{Cl}}_2\to 2{\text{Cl}}^{•}$ (chlorine free radicals).
2. Propagation: ${\text{CH}}_4+{\text{Cl}}^{•}\to {\text{CH}}_3^{•}+\text{HCl}$, then ${\text{CH}}_3^{•}+{\text{Cl}}_2\to {\text{CH}}_3\text{Cl}+{\text{Cl}}^{•}$
3. In the dark the reaction does not occur – so light's role is to initiate free radicals.

Yaad rakhein: Substitution of alkanes = 'light → radicals → chain reaction'.

Answer: (A) initiate free radical formation

Concept: Office apps share common file shortcuts: Ctrl+O (Open), Ctrl+S (Save), Ctrl+N (New), Ctrl+P (Print).

1. Ctrl + O opens the Open dialog/backstage to choose a file in PowerPoint 2019.
2. Ctrl + Shift + O is not the standard Open command.
3. Alt + O / Shift + O do not open files.

Yaad rakhein: O = Open, N = New, S = Save, W = Close window.

Answer: (A) Ctrl + O

Concept: North Central Railway (NCR) was formed in 2003 with headquarters at Prayagraj (Allahabad).

1. NCR HQ: Prayagraj; divisions – Prayagraj, Jhansi, Agra.
2. Jabalpur = West Central Railway; Jaipur = North Western Railway; Bilaspur = South East Central Railway.

Yaad rakhein: North Central → Prayagraj; West Central → Jabalpur.

Answer: (B) Prayagraj

Concept: Rajendra Chola I (1014–1044 CE) led a northern expedition up to the Ganga.

1. After defeating the Pala king Mahipala, he took the title Gangaikonda Chola ('the Chola who conquered the Ganga').
2. He built a new capital, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, with the Brihadisvara temple.
3. Rajaraja I built the Thanjavur Brihadeeswara temple; Vijayalaya founded the imperial Chola line.

Yaad rakhein: Ganga + Konda → Rajendra I; also conquered Sri Lanka fully and sent a naval expedition to Srivijaya.

Answer: (B) Rajendra I

Concept: The Rowlatt Act (March 1919) allowed detention without trial and was called the "Black Act" by Indians.

1. It empowered the government to imprison suspects for up to two years without trial.
2. Gandhi called it the Black Act and launched the all-India Rowlatt Satyagraha (hartal on 6 April 1919).
3. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (13 April 1919) happened during the protests against it.

Yaad rakhein: Rowlatt Act = "No Vakil, No Daleel, No Appeal".

Answer: (B) Rowlatt Act

Concept: In tall plants, water rises mainly by the transpiration pull (cohesion–tension theory).

1. Evaporation of water from leaf stomata creates a suction (tension) in the xylem.
2. Cohesion between water molecules and adhesion to xylem walls pull a continuous water column upward.
3. Root pressure works only at night/in small plants; guttation is just loss of water drops – neither can lift water to a tall tree top.

Yaad rakhein: Day-time, tall tree = transpiration pull; night-time, small herbs = root pressure.

Answer: (A) transpiration