UPHESC Assistant Professor Animal Husbandry & Dairying 2025 PYQs

Concept: In Van Soest analysis, NDF = cell-wall constituents = hemicellulose + cellulose + lignin (+ silica). Cell contents (starch, sugars, protein, lipids) dissolve in neutral detergent.

1. ADF = cellulose + lignin (hemicellulose = NDF − ADF).
2. Starch is a cell-content (non-fibre) carbohydrate, so it is not part of NDF.

Short trick: NDF = H + C + L; Starch is 'inside' the cell, not in the wall.

Concept: Methods to upgrade straws are grouped as physical, chemical (urea/NaOH/ammonia), biological (fungi/enzymes) and supplementation.

1. Physical methods listed in standard texts are chopping, grinding/pelleting, soaking and steaming (steam under pressure) – i.e. all four options.
2. Chopping and grinding reduce wastage and increase intake; soaking softens and removes dust/oxalates; steam treatment breaks lignin–carbohydrate bonds.
3. Since more than one (in fact every) option is correct and the question asks for one, it is treated as a bonus.

Short trick: Physical = Chop, Grind, Soak, Steam; Chemical = Urea, NaOH, NH₃.

Concept: Perosis (slipped tendon) – the gastrocnemius tendon slips off its condyle at the hock – is classically due to manganese deficiency in chicks.

1. Choline, biotin, folic acid and niacin deficiencies can also cause perosis, but the mineral cause is Mn.
2. Zinc deficiency → poor feathering, short thick bones; iodine → goitre; cobalt → B₁₂ deficiency.

Short trick: Mn → 'Man-ganese, slipped Man's tendon' = Perosis.

Concept: Too much readily fermentable grain (concentrate > 60% of DM, low fibre) leads to rapid lactic acid production and rumen pH < 5.5 – rumen acidosis.

1. Signs: anorexia, diarrhoea, laminitis, low milk fat.
2. Ketosis is due to negative energy balance; pica to mineral (P) deficiency; grass tetany to Mg deficiency.
3. Keep roughage ≥ 40% of DM and use buffers (NaHCO₃).

Short trick: Excess grain → Acid; Excess fat mobilisation → Ketone.

Concept: Nutritional muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease, stiff-lamb disease) is caused by deficiency of vitamin E (with selenium).

1. Vitamin E/Se protect cell membranes from peroxidation; without them skeletal and cardiac muscle degenerate (chalky white streaks).
2. Vit A → night blindness; Vit D → rickets; Vit C → scurvy (not needed in diet by most livestock).

Short trick: E + Se → White muscle disease.

Concept: Dietary acidifiers (organic acids like citric, fumaric, formic) lower abomasal pH in young calves whose HCl secretion is still low.

1. Lower pH activates rennin/pepsin and speeds clotting of milk casein in the abomasum, improving digestion.
2. They also suppress E. coli and other pathogens, reducing calf scours.
3. Probiotics/yeast act on gut microflora; mould inhibitors only preserve feed.

Short trick: Acidifier → low pH → quick clot → better digestion.

Concept: Barley sprouts (malt sprouts/malt culms, a by-product of malting) contain about 25–28% crude protein.

1. Rice bran ≈ 12–14% CP.
2. Beet molasses ≈ 6–8% CP and citrus molasses ≈ 4–6% CP (mostly NPN) – they are energy feeds.
3. So barley sprouts are the richest in protein.

Short trick: Molasses = sugar (energy), sprouts = protein.

Concept: Correct pairs: Tocopherol (vit E) – crazy chick disease (ii); Riboflavin (B₂) – curled toe paralysis (iv); Choline – slipped tendon/perosis (i); Niacin – black tongue (iii).

1. So the right code is a – ii, b – iv, c – i, d – iii.
2. Option (C) gives b – i and c – iv (riboflavin–slipped tendon, choline–curled toe), which is reversed; (A), (B), (D) are wrong in more pairs.
3. No printed option matches, so the question is treated as a bonus.

Short trick: E – Encephalomalacia (crazy chick); B₂ – curled toe; Choline/Mn – perosis; Niacin – black tongue.

Concept: Favus ('white comb') is a ringworm-type fungal (mycotic) infection of the comb and wattles caused by Microsporum (Trichophyton) gallinae.

1. Coccidiosis – protozoan (Eimeria).
2. Marek's disease – herpes virus.
3. Bumble foot – bacterial (Staphylococcus) abscess of the foot pad.

Short trick: Favus = Fungus (both start with F).

Concept: Rabies vaccines are prepared from 'fixed virus' – street virus serially passaged (Pasteur) in rabbit brain until its incubation period became short and constant (4–6 days).

1. Fixed virus is less virulent for peripheral inoculation and does not form Negri bodies readily.
2. Strains in use: Pasteur virus, PM, CVS, Flury (LEP/HEP), ERA.
3. Street virus is the wild virus from naturally infected animals.

Short trick: Vaccine needs a 'Fixed' (stable) virus.

Concept: Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) is a notifiable zoonosis of equids. The OIE (WOAH) Terrestrial Animal Health Code (chapter on infection with B. mallei) lays down that an equid imported from a country or zone not free from glanders must have been isolated for at least 30 days before shipment and tested negative on two samples taken 21 to 30 days apart.

1. So the recommended isolation (quarantine) period is 30 days; 21 days is only the minimum gap between the two tests, not the quarantine period.
2. 45, 28 and 14 days do not appear in the OIE provisions either.
3. The correct figure, 30 days, is not among the printed options, so no option is correct and the question is treated as a bonus.

Short trick: Glanders (OIE): isolate 30 days, two tests 21–30 days apart.

Concept: Carcasses suspected of anthrax must not be opened: exposure to air makes Bacillus anthracis form resistant spores that contaminate soil for decades.

1. Diagnosis is made from a blood smear from an ear vein (polychrome methylene blue – McFadyean reaction).
2. Carcass is burnt or buried deep with lime.
3. Rabies, TB, botulism (or bloat) cases may be necropsied with precautions.

Short trick: Anthrax: 'Don't open – spores will spread'.

Concept: Negri bodies are eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons (Purkinje cells of cerebellum, hippocampus pyramidal cells) – pathognomonic of rabies.

1. Seen with Seller's stain; today FAT is the gold standard.
2. FMD and rinderpest are viral but do not form Negri bodies; anthrax is bacterial.

Short trick: Negri → Neurons → Rabies.

Concept: Hog cholera (classical swine fever) is caused by a Pestivirus (family Flaviviridae).

1. It is highly contagious, with fever, haemorrhages ('turkey-egg' kidney), button ulcers in the colon and splenic infarcts.
2. Controlled by live attenuated lapinised vaccine (IVRI).

Short trick: Hog cholera = Pestivirus (like BVD, Border disease).

Concept: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurella multocida B:2) is a bacterial disease; its vaccines are bacterins – alum-precipitated or oil-adjuvant – not tissue-culture vaccines.

1. Enterotoxaemia: multicomponent clostridial toxoid – correct.
2. Black quarter: polyvalent (Cl. chauvoei + Cl. septicum) – correct.
3. Anthrax: Sterne live spore vaccine – correct.
4. Tissue-culture vaccines are for viral diseases (e.g. rinderpest, PPR).

Short trick: Bacteria → bacterin; Virus → tissue culture.

Concept: Human milk is whey-dominant and lactose-rich compared with cow milk.

1. Lactose: human ≈ 7.0% vs cow ≈ 4.8%.
2. Whey : casein = about 60 : 40 in human milk vs 20 : 80 in cow milk; whey protein (α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin) is the larger share in human milk.
3. Casein, total protein and ash are much higher in cow milk.

Short trick: Human milk: more sugar, more whey; Cow milk: more casein, more minerals.

Concept: The critical control point in an HTST plant is the pasteurisation step itself – the holding time–temperature (72 °C/15 s) reached after the final heating section, monitored at the holding tube and flow-diversion valve.

1. This step eliminates pathogens; failure cannot be corrected later.
2. Before final heating the milk is not yet pasteurised; after cooling, temperature is a storage control (prerequisite), not the kill step.

Short trick: CCP = the 'kill step' → after final heating (holding tube).

Concept: Vanaspati and margarine in India must contain 5% sesame (til) oil as a marker; the Baudouin test (furfural + HCl → crimson/pink colour with sesamolin) detects it.

1. Hotis test – mastitis (streptococci) in milk.
2. Resorcinol (Seliwanoff) test – sucrose/added sugar.
3. Hehner's test – formalin in milk.

Short trick: Vanaspati → Sesame → Baudouin (pink).

Concept: The US FDA published its Seafood HACCP regulation (21 CFR Part 123) in December 1995; it came into force in December 1997.

1. USDA's meat & poultry HACCP (Pathogen Reduction rule) followed in 1996.
2. Juice HACCP came in 2001.
3. HACCP itself was developed by Pillsbury with NASA in the 1960s.

Short trick: Seafood 1995 → Meat 1996 → Juice 2001.

Concept: Dissolved lactose and salts depress the freezing point of milk below that of water; normal bovine milk freezes at about −0.525 to −0.565 °C (average −0.54 °C).

1. It is the most constant property of milk, so it is used (cryoscope) to detect added water.
2. Every 1% added water raises the freezing point by about 0.0055 °C.
3. Positive temperatures (1–3.5 °C) cannot be a freezing point of an aqueous solution.

Short trick: Milk freezes at ≈ −0.55 °C; closer to 0 = watered milk.