UPHESC Assistant Professor Commerce 2025, 2026 PYQs

Concept: For a normal / moderately skewed distribution: QD = (2/3) SD and MD = (4/5) SD.

1. MD = 4/5 SD ⇒ SD = 5/4 MD.
2. Equivalently 6 QD = 5 MD = 4 SD.

Short trick: Remember '6 QD = 5 MD = 4 SD'.

Concept: Match each term with its meaning.

1. Universe = the whole group under study = Population (II).
2. Data = facts/figures = Information (IV).
3. Mean = arithmetic Average (I).
4. Mode = value with Maximum frequency (III).

Short trick: Mode = 'most' → Maximum.

Concept: Descriptive statistics summarises the data in hand; inferential statistics draws conclusions about a population from a sample.

1. (A) is true – collecting, presenting (tables, graphs), analysing (averages, dispersion) and interpreting the data.
2. (R) is true – inference rests on probability, sampling theory, estimation, testing and forecasting.
3. (R) describes a different branch, so it does not explain (A).

Short trick: Two branches, two separate true statements → option (B).

Concept: Karl Pearson's empirical relation for a moderately skewed distribution: Mode = 3 Median − 2 Mean.

1. Only (b) is correct.
2. (a), (c) and (d) are wrong – the question asks for the wrong ones → a, c, d.

Short trick: Mode = 3 Me − 2 M (the '3' always goes with the median).

Concept: Algebraic sum of deviations from the arithmetic mean is always zero.

1. $\sum (x-\overline{x})=\sum x-n\overline{x}=n\overline{x}-n\overline{x}=0$.
2. Related property: the sum of SQUARED deviations is minimum when taken from the mean.

Short trick: Mean is the 'balancing point' – plus and minus deviations cancel.

Concept: P(E) = favourable cases ÷ total equally likely cases.

1. A pack has 4 kings out of 52 cards.
2. P(King) = 4/52 = 1/13.

Short trick: Any one rank (ace, king, …) = 4/52 = 1/13; any one suit = 13/52 = 1/4.

Concept: Karl Pearson's product-moment coefficient of correlation, $r=\frac{\sum xy}{\sqrt{\sum x^2\sum y^2}}$, was formally developed in his 1896 paper ('Regression, Heredity and Panmixia').

1. Pearson built on Galton's work on correlation and regression (1880s).
2. 1896 is none of 1890, 1980 or 1900, so 'None of these'.
3. (1900 is the year of Pearson's chi-square test, a different method.)

Short trick: Pearson: r → 1896; χ² → 1900.

Concept: Each off-the-job method develops a different skill.

1. Case study – trainees analyse a real business problem, identify issues, evaluate alternatives and recommend solutions → analytical and problem-solving/decision-making ability.
2. Role playing – human-relations and interpersonal skills.
3. Laboratory (sensitivity/T-group) training – self-awareness and group behaviour.
4. Conference – exchange of ideas, participation.

Short trick: Case = problem to solve; Role-play = people skills; T-group = sensitivity.

Concept: American Accounting Association: HRA is 'the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties'.

1. It measures both the cost (recruitment, training) and the value (Lev & Schwartz, Flamholtz models) of employees.
2. HR audit reviews HR policies and practices; social accounting reports social costs/benefits.

Short trick: Cost + value of people = HRA (Rensis Likert, R. G. Barry Corporation 1967).

Concept: Theories of personality are presented in the order in which they developed.

1. Psychoanalytic theory – Sigmund Freud (around 1900).
2. Trait theories – Allport (1930s), Cattell (1940s).
3. Self-concept (self) theory – Carl Rogers (1950s).
4. Socialisation / social learning theory – later (Bandura, 1960s–70s).

Short trick: Freud → Allport → Rogers → Socialisation = I, III, II, IV.

Concept: Match each motivation theory with its author.

1. Theory Z – William G. Ouchi (1981, Japanese management) → IV.
2. Equity theory – J. Stacy Adams (1963) → II.
3. Two-factor (motivation–hygiene) theory – Frederick Herzberg (1959) → I.
4. Expectancy theory – Victor Vroom (1964), printed here as 'Broom' → III.

Short trick: Z–Ouchi, Equity–Adams, Hygiene–Herzberg, Expectancy–Vroom.

Concept: Blake and Mouton's grid: x-axis = concern for production, y-axis = concern for people (1–9 each).

1. 1,9 – Country club: high people, low production.
2. 9,1 – Authority-compliance (task): high production, low people.
3. 1,1 – Impoverished; 5,5 – Middle-of-the-road; 9,9 – Team management (ideal).

Short trick: Country club = friendly and comfortable, little work → (1,9).

Concept: Thomas–Kilmann model uses two dimensions – assertiveness (own concern) and cooperativeness (other's concern).

1. Competing: high assertive, low cooperative (win–lose).
2. Collaborating: high–high (win–win). Avoiding: low–low.
3. Accommodating: low assertive, high cooperative. Compromising: medium–medium.

Short trick: Competing = 'my way' → assertive but uncooperative.

Concept: Transactional Analysis (TA) was developed by psychiatrist Eric Berne (printed 'Berni') in the late 1950s; popularised by 'Games People Play' (1964).

1. TA studies ego states – Parent, Adult, Child – and the transactions between people.
2. Elton Mayo – Hawthorne studies; Peter Drucker – MBO; Adam Smith – division of labour.

Short trick: TA = Berne = P-A-C ego states; 'I'm OK – You're OK' (Thomas Harris).

Concept: Internal sources fill vacancies from people already connected with the organisation.

1. Internal: promotion, transfer, former/retired/retrenched employees recalled, extension of service, employee referrals.
2. External: advertisement, employment exchanges, campus, placement agencies, contractors and jobbers (labour contractors).

Short trick: Contractors/jobbers bring outside labour → external source.

Concept: NREGA was passed by Parliament in August 2005 and notified on 7 September 2005.

1. The scheme was launched on 2 February 2006 in 200 districts (Anantapur, A.P.) – do not confuse the launch year with the enactment year.
2. Renamed MGNREGA on 2 October 2009; guarantees 100 days of wage employment per rural household per year.

Short trick: Act 2005, scheme 2006, 'Mahatma Gandhi' added 2009.

Concept: Maslow (1943) – needs are satisfied from the bottom of the hierarchy upwards.

1. Physiological (IV) → Safety/Security (III) → Love/Belongingness (I) → Esteem (II) → Self-actualisation.

Short trick: 'PSLES' – Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem, Self-actualisation.

Concept: Rational decision-making follows a logical order.

1. Identify/define the problem (I).
2. Search for / develop alternatives (IV).
3. Evaluate the alternatives (III).
4. Choose the best alternative (II), then implement and follow up.

Short trick: Problem → Search → Evaluate → Choose = I, IV, III, II.

Concept: Match each managerial function with its essence.

1. Planning – deciding in advance, decision making → II.
2. Organising – grouping activities and establishing authority–responsibility relationships → I.
3. Directing – guiding, instructing and motivating subordinates → IV.
4. Controlling – comparing actual performance with standards and correcting deviations → III.

Short trick: Plan → decide; Organise → authority structure; Direct → instruct; Control → compare.

Concept: RBI is the central bank; it does not deal directly with the public.

1. Its functions: note issue, banker to government, bankers' bank and lender of last resort, credit control, custodian of foreign exchange reserves, regulation and supervision.
2. Agricultural credit reaches farmers through commercial banks, RRBs, co-operatives and NABARD – RBI does not lend directly to farmers.

Short trick: Central bank = bank of banks and government, never of individuals.