UPHESC Assistant Professor Political Science 2025 PYQs

Concept: Integral view: administration = all activities (managerial + technical + clerical + manual) done to achieve a goal. Managerial view: only the managerial activities of those at the top.

1. Integral view – L. D. White, Marshall Dimock, Pfiffner, F. M. Marx.
2. Managerial view – Luther Gulick, Herbert Simon, Smithburg and Thompson.
3. So Simon and Gulick do not support the integral view.

Short trick: White & Marx = integral; Simon & Gulick = managerial.

Concept: F. W. Taylor (The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911) replaced the single foreman with eight functional foremen.

1. Planning side: route clerk, instruction card clerk, time and cost clerk, disciplinarian.
2. Shop side: gang boss, speed boss, repair boss, inspector.
3. Fayol gave 14 principles and unity of command (which functional foremanship violates); Gulick gave POSDCORB.

Short trick: Taylor = 8 foremen; Fayol = unity of command.

Concept: Andrew Jackson (1829–37) institutionalised the spoils system – rotation in office and jobs for party loyalists.

1. Senator William Marcy: 'To the victor belong the spoils.'
2. It was curbed by the Pendleton Act (1883) after President Garfield's assassination, introducing the merit system.

Short trick: Jackson = Spoils; Pendleton Act 1883 = Merit.

Concept: Performance budgeting (from the US Hoover Commission, 1949) links expenditure with programmes and results.

1. India's Administrative Reforms Commission, in its 1968 report on Finance, Accounts and Audit, recommended performance budgeting.
2. Following this (1968), it was introduced in India and applied first to selected development ministries from 1969, later extended.
3. Zero-based budgeting came later (1983–87); outcome budget in 2005.

Short trick: Hoover 1949 (USA) → ARC 1968 (India).

Concept: Article 312 deals with All India Services.

1. Art. 312(2): the services known as the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service are deemed to be All India Services created by Parliament – both named ✔.
2. Art. 312(1) and (3) (42nd Amendment, 1976) mention an All India Judicial Service ✔.
3. The Indian Forest Service was created in 1966 under the All India Services Act, 1951 (amended 1963) – not named in the Constitution; IFS (Foreign) is a Central Service.

Short trick: Constitution names: IAS, IPS, AIJS.

Concept: Article 320 lists the matters on which UPSC conducts examinations or is consulted.

1. Recruitment – conducts examinations and interviews ✔.
2. Principles for promotions and transfers ✔.
3. Disciplinary matters affecting civil servants ✔.
4. Classification of services, pay scales, cadre management and training are handled by the executive (DoPT), not UPSC.

Short trick: UPSC: Recruit, Promote, Discipline – not Classify.

Concept: Direct recruitment fills posts from outside the service through open competition.

1. Merits: democratic (equal opportunity to all), wider field of choice, new blood and fresh ideas.
2. Demerit: posts filled from outside reduce the chances of promotion for existing employees, lowering morale.
3. So 'widens the avenues of promotion' is wrong – it narrows them.

Short trick: Direct recruitment ↑ outsiders = ↓ promotion chances.

Concept: UN Charter chapters.

1. Chapter VII (Arts. 39–51): action with respect to threats to peace; Art. 51 – right of self-defence.
2. Chapter VIII (Arts. 52–54): Regional Arrangements.
3. Chapter IX (Arts. 55–60): International economic and social co-operation.

Short trick: Ch. VII ends at 51; Ch. VIII = 52–54 regional.

Concept: Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (1948): 'When we speak of power, we mean man's control over the minds and actions of other men.'

1. He defined political power as 'a psychological relation between those who exercise it and those over whom it is exercised'.
2. International politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power.
3. Weber defined power as the probability of carrying out one's will despite resistance.

Short trick: Morgenthau: power = control over minds and actions.

Concept: National interest consists of the vital goals a state seeks – survival/security, power, peace, economic well-being, protection of its culture and identity.

1. Power – the core of national interest for realists (Morgenthau: 'interest defined in terms of power').
2. Peace and protection of cultural unity/identity are recognised goals.
3. War is only a means (instrument) to secure interests, not an element/goal of national interest.

Short trick: Goals = elements; war = means.

Concept: The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Programme, 1948–52), proposed by US Secretary of State George C. Marshall (1947).

1. About 13 billion US dollars was given to rebuild war-torn Western Europe.
2. Aim: economic recovery and containment of communism (economic arm of the Truman Doctrine).
3. The USSR answered with the Molotov Plan and COMECON (1949).

Short trick: Truman Doctrine = political; Marshall Plan = economic, Western Europe.

Concept: Milestones of the UNFCCC process.

1. Rio Earth Summit – 1992 (UNFCCC adopted).
2. Kyoto Protocol – COP-3, 1997.
3. Bali (COP-13) – 2007, Bali Road Map/Action Plan.
4. Copenhagen (COP-15) – 2009, Copenhagen Accord.

Short trick: 92 → 97 → 07 → 09.

Concept: Thorsten Wojczewski studies India’s foreign-policy discourse – how India’s identity and self-image shape its ideas of world order (India’s Foreign Policy Discourse and Its Conceptions of World Order, 2018).

1. The view in the question – that India’s moral and civilisational values underlie a foreign policy of peaceful co-existence and ‘unity in diversity’ – belongs to this identity/discourse approach, and of the four names it fits Wojczewski.
2. Rajiv Sikri (Challenge and Strategy) writes as a practitioner on strategic interests; Makoto Kojima and Margaret Fisher are not known for this thesis.

Short trick: Values/identity → discourse of India’s foreign policy → Wojczewski.

Concept: US President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave the 'Atoms for Peace' speech at the UN General Assembly on 8 December 1953.

1. He proposed that nuclear powers contribute fissile material to an international agency for peaceful uses.
2. This led to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1957.

Short trick: Eisenhower 1953 → IAEA 1957.

Concept: Paul Wilkinson's classic typology: revolutionary, sub-revolutionary and repressive (state) terrorism.

1. Statement 1 lists two recognised types ✔.
2. Ideological, bio- and eco-terrorism are also types, but the word 'only' makes statement 2 wrong – there are many other types (ethno-nationalist, religious, state, cyber, narco-terrorism, etc.).

Short trick: Watch for 'only' in statements – usually a trap.

Concept: In political usage the term 'Cold War' was first used by US financier and presidential adviser Bernard Baruch in a speech at Columbia, South Carolina (16 April 1947): 'We are today in the midst of a cold war.'

1. Journalist Walter Lippmann popularised it through his book The Cold War (1947).
2. (George Orwell had used 'cold war' loosely in a 1945 essay, but standard texts credit Baruch with coining it for the US–Soviet rivalry.)

Short trick: Baruch coined, Lippmann popularised.

Concept: After the 1962 India–China war, six non-aligned countries (Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Egypt/UAR, Ghana) met at Colombo in December 1962.

1. Convened by Sri Lankan PM Sirimavo Bandaranaike, they framed the 'Colombo Proposals' to settle the India–China border dispute.
2. India accepted them (with clarifications); China accepted only 'in principle'.
3. Tamil-issue agreements were the Sirima–Shastri Pact (1964) and the Rajiv–Jayewardene Accord (1987).

Short trick: Colombo 1962 = India–China; Sirima–Shastri 1964 = Tamils.

Concept: Mikhail Gorbachev (General Secretary, CPSU, 1985–91) launched the reforms.

1. Perestroika = restructuring (economic and political).
2. Glasnost = openness (freedom of information, transparency).
3. These reforms contributed to the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the USSR (1991).

Short trick: Gorbachev: P = restructuring, G = openness.

Concept: Libya's Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, at the 8th NAM Summit at Harare (1986), denounced the movement as an 'international hoax/falsehood' for failing to act against imperialism (after the US bombing of Libya).

1. Fidel Castro called the USSR the 'natural ally' of NAM (Havana, 1979).
2. Julius Nyerere was a strong supporter of NAM and South–South co-operation.

Short trick: Harare 1986: Gaddafi – 'hoax'; Havana 1979: Castro – 'natural ally'.

Concept: Basic principles of Indian foreign policy (Nehruvian legacy, Art. 51 DPSP).

1. Peace, friendship with all, Panchsheel (peaceful co-existence) and non-alignment – India acted as a bridge between the two power blocs ✔.
2. Opposition to imperialism, colonialism and racial discrimination (apartheid) ✔.
3. Both statements are true.

Short trick: NAM + Panchsheel + anti-colonialism + anti-racism = core of India's foreign policy.