UPHESC Assistant Professor B.Ed PYQs

Concept: The Indian Council (Board) for Child Welfare was set up in 1952 as a national voluntary body for child welfare.

1. It runs crèches, balwadis and the National Bravery Awards for children.
2. The Central Social Welfare Board followed in 1953; 1947 and 1950 are independence and Republic years.

Short trick: Child Welfare 1952 → Social Welfare Board 1953.

Concept: The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 came into force on 7 February 1996.

1. Passed by Parliament in December 1995, it was notified from 7 Feb 1996.
2. It listed 7 disabilities and reserved 3% posts; it was replaced by the RPwD Act, 2016 (21 disabilities).

Short trick: PWD 1995 → in force 7-2-1996.

Concept: NPE 1986 recommended a District Institute of Education and Training (DIET) in every district.

1. DIETs give pre-service and in-service training to elementary teachers and adult-education workers.
2. They were set up under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Teacher Education (1987).

Short trick: 1986 → DIET, Operation Blackboard, Navodaya.

Concept: Orientation and refresher courses update teachers already in service.

1. Pre-service education prepares candidates before appointment (B.Ed., D.El.Ed.).
2. UGC Academic Staff Colleges (now HRDCs) run orientation and refresher courses for working college teachers.
3. They are not limited to teacher-education faculty alone.

Short trick: Refresh = already in service.

Concept: NCTE’s NCFTE 2009 is subtitled “Towards Preparing Professional and Humane Teacher”.

1. It followed NCF 2005 and the RTE Act 2009.
2. It called for a 2-year B.Ed., reflective practice and longer internship.

Short trick: NCFTE 2009 = Professional + Humane (both words).

Concept: In teacher-education texts this statement is linked with the Kothari (Education) Commission 1964-66, which treated the professional growth of teachers as a continuous process – a teacher must keep learning throughout the career.

1. The Commission recommended large-scale in-service education, so that every teacher would get about two to three months of in-service training in every five years.
2. The idea behind it: teaching stays alive and fresh only when the teacher periodically becomes a learner again.
3. Of the bodies listed, this emphasis on continuing in-service education for every teacher is the hallmark of the Kothari Commission.

Short trick: Kothari = in-service education every five years – the teacher too is a lifelong learner.

Concept: Operation Blackboard (1987, from NPE 1986) aimed to provide minimum essential facilities in every primary school.

1. At least two (later three) all-weather rooms, two teachers (one a woman), blackboards, maps, toys, library.
2. It was later extended to upper primary schools.

Short trick: Blackboard → basic facilities → primary schools.

Concept: NCTE prepared the National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education in 2009.

1. 1995 is the year of the NCTE Act (statutory NCTE from 1993 Act, in force 1995).
2. 2005 is NCF for school education by NCERT.
3. Earlier NCTE drafts were 1978, 1988 and 1998.

Short trick: NCF 2005 (NCERT, school) → NCFTE 2009 (NCTE, teachers).

Concept: In Indian teacher-education texts this line is quoted with C. V. Good, editor of the Dictionary of Education, the standard source for the meaning and function of teacher education.

1. Good defines teacher education as all the formal and non-formal activities and experiences that help to qualify a person to assume the responsibilities of a member of the teaching profession – in short, its function is to produce good teachers.
2. B. O. Smith is known for Teachers for the Real World (1969); John Ruskin was an art critic and social thinker, not a writer on teacher education.

Short trick: Meaning/function of teacher education → C. V. Good's Dictionary of Education.

Concept: Francis Bacon (1597, Meditationes Sacrae) wrote “ipsa scientia potestas est” – knowledge itself is power.

1. Bacon is the father of the inductive/empirical method and of sense-realism in education.
2. Socrates: “Knowledge is virtue”.

Short trick: Bacon – Knowledge is Power; Socrates – Knowledge is Virtue.

Concept: Plato’s Theory of Ideas (Forms): ideas are eternal and real; the material world is only their shadow.

1. This is the root of idealism in philosophy and education (Republic).
2. Rusk and Ross wrote on idealism and educational philosophy, but did not give this theory; Brubacher is a pragmatist-leaning historian.

Short trick: Plato = Ideas/Forms = father of idealism.

Concept: Metaphysics studies the nature of reality – being, soul, God, universe.

1. Epistemology – nature and sources of knowledge.
2. Axiology – values (ethics and aesthetics).
3. Logic – rules of correct reasoning.

Short trick: Meta = reality, Episteme = knowledge, Axios = value.

Concept: Pragmatism judges education by its utility in life, so it strongly favours vocational, activity-based, problem-solving education.

1. Dewey: school as a miniature society; learning by doing; occupations in curriculum.
2. Realism also values useful subjects, but pragmatism gives vocation the central place.
3. Naturalism stresses free natural growth; existentialism stresses individual choice.

Short trick: Pragmatism → utility → vocation.

Concept: Gandhi’s Basic Education (Nai Talim, Wardha 1937) made a productive craft the centre of learning so that schools could become self-supporting.

1. Craft products would meet teachers’ salaries in part.
2. Tagore (Shantiniketan) stressed nature and art; Vivekananda man-making education; Dayanand Vedic education.

Short trick: Craft-centred Wardha scheme = self-supporting schools = Gandhi.

Concept: Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Education develops the physical, vital, mental, psychic and spiritual aspects of the being.

1. Practised at the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education, Puducherry (with the Mother).
2. His three principles: nothing can be taught; mind must be consulted in its growth; work from near to far.

Short trick: Aurobindo – Integral Yoga → Integral Education.

Concept: Pragmatism holds that the truth of an idea lies in its practical consequences – truth is made, not fixed.

1. William James: “truth is what works”; Dewey: ideas are instruments (instrumentalism).
2. Idealism holds eternal truths; realism holds truth exists independently of us.

Short trick: Consequences / results / workability = Pragmatism.

Concept: Henri Fayol (France), author of “General and Industrial Administration” (1916), is called the father of (modern) administration/management.

1. He gave 14 principles of management and the functions POCCC (plan, organise, command, co-ordinate, control).
2. Gulick extended these into POSDCORB; Watson and Pavlov are psychologists.

Short trick: Fayol – 14 principles – father of administration.

Concept: Management executes policy; its functions (Koontz) are planning, organising, staffing (appointments), directing and controlling.

1. Administration decides broad policy and goals.
2. Organisation is the structure; planning is only the first function.
3. Staffing (appointments) and controlling are management functions.

Short trick: Management = POSDC – Staffing and Controlling inside it.

Concept: Luther Gulick (with Urwick, 1937) coined POSDCORB.

1. P-Planning, O-Organising, S-Staffing, D-Directing, CO-Co-ordinating, R-Reporting, B-Budgeting.
2. G. R. Terry gave POAC (planning, organising, actuating, controlling).

Short trick: Gulick → POSDCORB (7 functions).

Concept: The manpower approach plans education according to the future need of trained human resources of the economy – hence “human resource development approach”.

1. Other approaches: social demand approach and cost-benefit (rate of return) approach.
2. “Human culture approach” is not a planning approach; TQM is a quality-management idea.

Short trick: Manpower = human resource needs.