UPHESC Assistant Professor B.Ed PYQs

Concept: Plato’s Theory of Ideas (Forms): ideas are eternal and real; the material world is only their shadow.

1. This is the root of idealism in philosophy and education (Republic).
2. Rusk and Ross wrote on idealism and educational philosophy, but did not give this theory; Brubacher is a pragmatist-leaning historian.

Short trick: Plato = Ideas/Forms = father of idealism.

Concept: Metaphysics studies the nature of reality – being, soul, God, universe.

1. Epistemology – nature and sources of knowledge.
2. Axiology – values (ethics and aesthetics).
3. Logic – rules of correct reasoning.

Short trick: Meta = reality, Episteme = knowledge, Axios = value.

Concept: Pragmatism judges education by its utility in life, so it strongly favours vocational, activity-based, problem-solving education.

1. Dewey: school as a miniature society; learning by doing; occupations in curriculum.
2. Realism also values useful subjects, but pragmatism gives vocation the central place.
3. Naturalism stresses free natural growth; existentialism stresses individual choice.

Short trick: Pragmatism → utility → vocation.

Concept: Gandhi’s Basic Education (Nai Talim, Wardha 1937) made a productive craft the centre of learning so that schools could become self-supporting.

1. Craft products would meet teachers’ salaries in part.
2. Tagore (Shantiniketan) stressed nature and art; Vivekananda man-making education; Dayanand Vedic education.

Short trick: Craft-centred Wardha scheme = self-supporting schools = Gandhi.

Concept: Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Education develops the physical, vital, mental, psychic and spiritual aspects of the being.

1. Practised at the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education, Puducherry (with the Mother).
2. His three principles: nothing can be taught; mind must be consulted in its growth; work from near to far.

Short trick: Aurobindo – Integral Yoga → Integral Education.

Concept: Pragmatism holds that the truth of an idea lies in its practical consequences – truth is made, not fixed.

1. William James: “truth is what works”; Dewey: ideas are instruments (instrumentalism).
2. Idealism holds eternal truths; realism holds truth exists independently of us.

Short trick: Consequences / results / workability = Pragmatism.

Concept: Henri Fayol (France), author of “General and Industrial Administration” (1916), is called the father of (modern) administration/management.

1. He gave 14 principles of management and the functions POCCC (plan, organise, command, co-ordinate, control).
2. Gulick extended these into POSDCORB; Watson and Pavlov are psychologists.

Short trick: Fayol – 14 principles – father of administration.

Concept: Management executes policy; its functions (Koontz) are planning, organising, staffing (appointments), directing and controlling.

1. Administration decides broad policy and goals.
2. Organisation is the structure; planning is only the first function.
3. Staffing (appointments) and controlling are management functions.

Short trick: Management = POSDC – Staffing and Controlling inside it.

Concept: Luther Gulick (with Urwick, 1937) coined POSDCORB.

1. P-Planning, O-Organising, S-Staffing, D-Directing, CO-Co-ordinating, R-Reporting, B-Budgeting.
2. G. R. Terry gave POAC (planning, organising, actuating, controlling).

Short trick: Gulick → POSDCORB (7 functions).

Concept: The manpower approach plans education according to the future need of trained human resources of the economy – hence “human resource development approach”.

1. Other approaches: social demand approach and cost-benefit (rate of return) approach.
2. “Human culture approach” is not a planning approach; TQM is a quality-management idea.

Short trick: Manpower = human resource needs.

Concept: Fred E. Fiedler (1967) gave the contingency model: leader effectiveness depends on matching leadership style to the situation.

1. Style measured by the LPC (least preferred co-worker) scale.
2. Situation: leader–member relations, task structure, position power.
3. Lumsdaine – programmed learning; Bruner – discovery learning; Glaser – teaching model.

Short trick: Fiedler – “it depends” (contingency) – LPC.

Concept: Robert Blake and Jane Mouton (1964) gave the Managerial Grid – concern for people vs concern for production (9 × 9).

1. Styles: 1,1 impoverished; 9,1 task; 1,9 country club; 5,5 middle-road; 9,9 team (best).
2. Weber – bureaucracy; Taylor – scientific management; Fayol – 14 principles.

Short trick: Grid → Blake & Mouton → 9,9 team leader.

Concept: Peter F. Drucker introduced Management by Objectives (MBO) in “The Practice of Management” (1954).

1. Superiors and subordinates jointly set objectives and evaluate performance against them.
2. Robert Mager is known for writing behavioural (instructional) objectives.

Short trick: Drucker – MBO (1954); Mager – instructional objectives.

Concept: Socialization is learning the norms and values of society through interaction; the social environment (family, peers, school, community) determines it.

1. Language and physical growth help, but they are themselves shaped by environment.
2. Excitement is a passing emotional state, not a determinant.

Short trick: Socialization = child + social environment.

Concept: Emile Durkheim first treated education as a social fact and called for its sociological study (“Education and Sociology”, 1922).

1. He defined education as the methodical socialization of the young generation.
2. Comte founded sociology but did not develop sociology of education.

Short trick: Durkheim = father of sociology of education.

Concept: Sociologists list cultural, biological (demographic), psychological, technological, economic and geographical factors of social change.

1. Biological – population size, birth/death rate, heredity.
2. Psychological – attitudes, needs, desire for novelty.
3. “Spiritual factors” is not listed among the standard causes.

Short trick: Social change factors: C-B-P-T-E-G – no “spiritual”.

Concept: Modernization – rational, scientific outlook, technology, urbanization, education – is itself a process of social change.

1. Caste, religion and tribal identity mainly preserve tradition and stability.

Short trick: Change ↔ Modernization; tradition ↔ caste/religion.

Concept: Acculturation is the taking over of traits of another culture through continuous contact.

1. Socialization – learning one’s own culture.
2. Sanskritization (M. N. Srinivas) – lower castes adopting upper-caste customs.
3. Westernization – a specific case: adopting Western ways.

Short trick: Accultur-ation = adopting another culture.

Concept: W. F. Ogburn explained social change through technology and gave the theory of “cultural lag”.

1. Material culture (technology) changes faster; non-material culture lags behind and adapts.
2. Weber linked religion (Protestant ethic) with change; Ottaway wrote on education and society.

Short trick: Ogburn – technology + cultural lag.

Concept: UNESCO (1945, Paris) builds peace through education, science and culture – “since wars begin in the minds of men…”.

1. UNDP – development; ILO – labour standards; UNICEF – children.
2. Education for international understanding is a UNESCO mission.

Short trick: Peace in the minds of men → UNESCO.